Mercury Essays (520 words) - Matter, Health, Chemistry, Mercury

Mercury Mercury Atomic Number: 80 Latin: hydrargyrum ?liquid silver? Atomic Symbol: Hg Atomic Weight: 200.59 Mercury is the only common metal that is a free-flowing liquid at room temperature. It is slightly volatile in room temperature and becomes solid when subjected to a pressure of 7640 atmospheres. The metal dissolves in nitric or concentrated sulfuric acid. The chief ore is cinnabar; Spain and Italy produce about 50% of the world's supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the ?flask,? which weighs about 76 pounds. The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor. The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps and many other instruments. It is used in making mercury vapor lamps, advertising signs, mercury switches and other electronic apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, dental preparations, antifouling paint, batteries and catalysts. The most important salts are mercury chloride (a violent poison), mercurous chloride (occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate (detonator widely used in explosives) and mercuric sulfide (a high-grade paint pigment). Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. Most human exposure is by inhalation. Air saturated with mercury at 20 degrees C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxic limit many times. Mercury vapor diffuses across the alveolar membrane without difficulty. It is lipid soluble therefore it can get into the blood stream and has a strong affinity for the central nervous system. The danger increases at higher temperatures thus it's important that mercury be handled with care. Chronic mercury poisoning causes irreversible brain, liver and kidney damage. For example, Minamata disease was discovered in 1956 and in 1968 it was announced that it was a pollution disease caused by the Chisso Co. Ltd. The Chisso Company polluted Minamata Bay of Japan with factory wastewater that contained methyl mercury. The methyl mercury got into the fish and people of Japan ate the fish and got the disease. The methyl mercury that entered the body mainly attacked the central nervous system, including the brain and caused various symptoms including numbness and unsteadiness in the legs and hands, tiredness, ringing in the ears, narrowing of the field of vision, loss of hearing, slurred speech, and awkward movements. Some early severe victims of Minamata disease went insane, became unconscious, and died within a month of the onset of the disease. There are also victims with chronic symptoms, such as headaches, frequent tiredness, loss of the senses of smell and taste, and forget fulness, which are not easily visible but make daily life difficult. Moreover, there are congenital Minamata disease patients, who were born with handicaps after being attacked by methyl mercury while in the wombs of their mothers who consumed polluted fish. No fundamental cure for Minamata disease has yet been discovered, so treatment consists of attempts to lessen the symptoms and physical rehabilitation therapy. Bibliography Bibliography Klaassen, Curtis D. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons, 1996 McGraw-Hill, p 710 Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000. ?Mercury (element)? http://encarta.msn.com Science

Drugs essays

Drugs essays Drugs have become a very serious problem in the United States. They have become a component of ones every day lives. This Nations reliance on drugs for pleasure, depression, and medical relief dominates the political and economic scene. Much debate over the drug issue occurs daily. Pleasure is one of the main reasons for drug use in America. Drugs are used daily by all different age groups. Some of the more common drugs used are marijuana, alcohol, cigarettes, and heroin. Among the younger users, marijuana, alcohol, and cigarettes are most prevalent in our society. Alcohol is widely used by both adults and teens. More often than ever we are seeing younger kids get in alcohol related accidents. It is becoming heavily abused as each minute passes by. More and more people are getting addicted to alcohol and are running their lives. Sure, it does give them a buzz and a good feeling for a while, but once one gets addicted it can totally ruin their life. Marijuana is also a very harmful drug. When one uses it for pleasure, they are looking for a high that last for four or five hours. A person might just start to smoke once in a while, but before no time, they are addicted to it and theres no turning back. Marijuana is known to be a stepping stone. That is true, 90% of those using hard drugs, such as heroin, started with marijuana. People do get a high and do feel good but overall marijuana is bad for you. If used as a teen it can cause retarding of the normal brain cells. Cigarettes on the other hand are not thought of as being a drug. Well they are. Cigarettes are probably the easiest drug to get a hold of. When a person smokes, they not only put themselves in danger but they put other in danger also. When a person lights up a cigarette they get short buzz. At the same time they are also harming their bodys. Nicotine, which is what gets people add...

Country Report on United Arab Emirates Research Paper

Country Report on United Arab Emirates - Research Paper Example The government of United Kingdom decided to end the treaty with Qatar, Bahrain, and the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms it took into its fortification. These nine states tried to form their own union of the Arab Emirates, but by the middle of 1971 they failed to disagree on the terms of amalgamation. In the August of1971, Bahrain became an independent nation and Qatar the following September. On December 1, 1971, the Trucial Sheikhdoms-British treaty expired and they became fully self-governing. In the December of 1971, six of these states united to become the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah joined these states in the beginning of 1972. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al Nahyan, Abu Dhabi’s leader, was elected by the Supreme Council as Dubai’s leader and President. The post of Prime Minister was designated to Sheikh Rashid bin Said al Maktoum. Geography: The United Arab Emirates is a confederation of seven emirates, each of which is ruled by a hereditary emir, and a single nation al president. The member emirates are Ajman, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah, Fujairah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. The United Arab Emirates is located in Southwest Asia and provides a border to Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, between Saudi Arabia and Oman. It is in a tactical site along northern advancements to the Strait of Hormuz, an important trade point for the world’s crude oil. United Arab Emirates is situation between 51 ° and 56 °25? eastern longitude and between 22 °50? and 26 ° northern latitude. In the northwest, a 19-kilometer border is aligned with Qatar; in the west, south east and south, it shares 1 530 kilometer border with Saudi Arabia; in the... The United Arab Emirates is a confederation of seven emirates, each of which is ruled by a hereditary emir, and a single national president. The member emirates are Ajman, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah, Fujairah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. The United Arab Emirates is located in Southwest Asia and provides a border to Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, between Saudi Arabia and Oman. It is in a tactical site along northern advancements to the Strait of Hormuz, an important trade point for the world’s crude oil. United Arab Emirates is situation between 51 ° and 56 °25†² eastern longitude and between 22 °50†² and 26 ° northern latitude. In the northwest, a 19-kilometer border is aligned with Qatar; in the west, south east and south, it shares 1 530 kilometer border with Saudi Arabia; in the northeast ad southeast it shares a 450-kilometer border with Oman. Even today, the land border it shares with Qatar at Khawr al Udayd is in dispute. The whole area of United Arab Emirates is about 83,600 square kilometers (almost about the area of Maine). Even today, the country’s exact size is not known because of doubtful alleges of many islands of the Persian Gulf. Since there is lack of accurate information on the actual size of several of these islands, and also about many boundaries of land, particularly with Saudi Arabia; the size of United Arab Emirates is still not decided yet. The largest emirate of UAE is Abu Dhabi which covers 87 percent of the total area of United Arab Emirates.

Chemical Manufacturing Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Chemical Manufacturing Industry - Essay Example The paper tells that to be able to earn good profit out of manufacturing chemicals, business owners are required to produce chemical products by bulk. Aside from the tight market competition within the chemical manufacturing industry, managers should be aware that the monetary requirement in the establishment of a high-volume chemical manufacturing plant is high. Within the chemical industry sector, the threat of a new entrant is moderate. Even though a potential new player could easily enter the industry, there are quite a lot of factors that could negatively influence their decision to enter the business. Although basic chemicals are usually not protected by intellectual property rights, the number of existing manufacturers within this sector is already high. Thus, it will lead to higher competition in market. With regards to specialty or fine chemicals, most of these items are protected by intellectual property rights (i.e. patent). Therefore, potential new players are prohibited to manufacture the same product. Aside from the large capital requirements, other factors that could make a potential business player refuse to enter the chemical manufacturing business is because potential new entrant is required to take advantage out of economies of scale. ‘Economies of scale’ is the secret behind a successful chemical manufacturing business. Since it would be very difficult on the part of a new entrant to immediately win the trust of large-scale buyers, economies of scale will not be that easy for new players to achieve.

Food Advertising and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food Advertising and Marketing - Essay Example Foods marketed to children are predominantly high in sugar and fat, and as such are inconsistent with national dietary recommendations. The purpose of my dissertation will be to examine the food advertising and marketing channels used to target children and adolescents and the impact of food advertising on children's eating behavior. Issue of fairness: I believe like most parents and consumer protection groups that advertising directly to children is dangerous and unethical as it can be deceptive and manipulative. It also promotes consumerism and poor nutritional habits to a defenseless target audience . To create awareness and promote stricter Regulations: In the UK, as compared to many other European nations, there are currently few policies or standards for food advertising and marketing aimed at children. For example, The Nordic countries are at the forefront of protecting children from the effects of advertising. Sweden has the strictest controls in Europe and in 1991 instituted a ban on television and radio advertising targeted at children under the age of 12. The Swedish government views advertising to children as morally and ethically unacceptable, since children have difficulty distinguishing between the purpose of advertising and other modes of communication. In Belgium, it is forbidden to broadcast commercials during children's programs as well as during the 5 minutes before and after them. (National Council of Better Business, 2003).So I believe that more research and analysis in this area is required in the UK to create more awareness of the importance of the issue at h and. This in turn would hopefully encourage the concerned authorities to introduce stricter laws to protect our children. A Need to explore all channels of Marketing: When I examined the existing body of literature review on my chosen subject, I found that majority of the focus of the current and ongoing analysis of brand promotions to children is on television advertising. While the huge impact of television advertising on vulnerable children cannot be denied, there also needs to be equal focus on other increasingly popular ways of advertising like the internet, schools, video games, movies, kid's clubs etc. A good understanding of the above mentioned marketing techniques is essential to completely eradicate the corruption of children's minds. Literature Review: Food Advertising: It is estimated that in UK , the food industry spent in excess of 0.3 billion in 1999 promoting unhealthy food products.(Advertising Association Yearbook,2000). These are processed foods which contain high levels of fat and/or sugar and/or salt and include confectionery, crisps and savory snacks, soft drinks and other so-called 'fast' or pre-prepared 'convenience' foods. In July 2001 Sustain published TV Dinners, a report which examines the nature and extent of food advertising during children's TV programmes(Sustain,2001).The study shows that between 95% and 99% of the food advertising during children's programming is for fatty and/or sugary and/or salty foods. Fatty and

Multiculturalism In Australia Essay

Multiculturalism In Australia Essay What is multiculturalism as a descriptor of Australias population and settlement policy? How has it changed before, during, and after the Howard government? In practice, is life in Australia more integrationist or more multicultural? Australia is a melting pot of races, cultures and beliefs. This country was built by people from rich variety of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The lives of Australians have changed greatly along with the active policy of immigration since 1945 (Brett 2003). Today we can clearly see many different cultures get together to call Australia home and most of the cultures have embraced the Australian way of life. This essay will firstly give a brief description of Australian immigration history along with earlier policies and the phase of multiculturalism that was dominant for several decades as well as look at government practices and changes in immigration policies before during and after Howard government. Multiculturalism refers to several different cultures which can be brought together to live peacefully and equally as one. The history of human habitation with the Australia begins with the first arrival of peoples families to the present native inhabitants. It is believed that the Australias foremost indigenous tribes arrived over 50,000 years ago from an unknown region of Asia (Brett 2003).European exploration of Australia began in 1606 when a Spanish navigator sailed through the Torres Strait, which separates Australia from Papua New Guinea. He was soon followed by Dutch, French and English explorers who began to map the continent (Brett 2003). Australia was generally depicted as a distant and unattractive territory for European settlement but for Great Britain it had deliberate and socio economic value. The British Control of the continent offered a solution for the relocation of convicts in its overpowered prisons and also assists as a base for British naval. Therefore the British settlement of Australia began in 1788 and afterwards the colony began to develop rapidly as free settlers arrived from Britain and Ireland and new lands were opened up for farming (Carter 2006, p. 341). However, with the discovery of gold in 1851, the nature of Australian migration changed completely. This gold rush era cause an early migration boom and started the international arrivals, People arrived in far greater numbers and from more varied backgrounds than ever before. Between the period of 1851 and 1861 over 600,000 people migrated to Australia (Hodge 2006, p. 91). When the colonies federated in 1901, control of immigration changed. The first legislation passed by the new parliament was the immigration restriction act which was also referred to as the White Australian Policy. In spite of relatively large amount of Chinese residents in Australia this act ensured those who were not of European descent were not permitted to live in Australia and also banned Asian migration for the next fifty years (www.Australiatodayhistoryofimmigration.htm) That same year the Federal Parliament passed the Pacific Islands Labourers Act to exclude their employment as contract labourers and to deport those already in the country. During this period Australia had many unfair immigration laws which were conflicting and could not be met by those who were not of European descent (Horne 1980). In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, migration almost ceased. Furthermore, some migrants from countries such as Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey previously thought acceptable were now reclassified as enemy aliens and prohibit people from these countries for five years (Hodge 2006, p. 91). As with the end of First World War Church and community organisations such as the YMCA and the Salvation Army sponsored migrants. Small numbers also arrived independently. As the United States sought to limit migration of Southern Europeans, increasing numbers of young men from Greece and Italy paid their own way to Australia. By the 1930s, Jewish settlers began arriving in greater numbers, many of them refugees from Hitlers Europe (www.ads.gov.au). Before World War two, Australia was a country with a homogenous European population and remained in this manner for some time. However during the Second World War, Australia became home to many non-European refugees, especially to Asian countries. Malaysians, Filipinos and Indonesian are settled down in the country. Australia actively required these immigrants, with the government assisting many of them, they found work due to an expanding economy and major infrastructure projects such as Snowy Mountain scheme. There were workers from over thirty different nations who were not necessarily of European descent. Seventy percent of the workers who were part of the scheme were migrants who saw potential in coming to Australia (www.Australiatodayhistoryofimmigration.htm). Harold Holts decision in 1949 to permit approximately 800 non-European refugees and the Japanese war brides to be admitted was the first movement for Australia to become a multicultural society. When the war ended, Australia launched a massive entirely new immigration programme Australia negotiated agreements with other governments and international organisations to help achieve high migration targets (Lopez 2000, p. 131) Former Australian Prime Minister John Curtiss dream of keeping Australia in the hands of its white European descendants did not last. From the 1950s, Australia began to relax its White Australia policy. In 1956 non-European residents were allowed to apply for citizenship (Hodge 2006, p. 91). Two years later the transcription Test was abolished as a further means of exclusion. By the 1960s mixed race migration was becoming easier and in 1966 Australia entered into its first migration agreement with non-European countries. This was a big step for Australia as it was the first time that both the political government and the Australian people agreed on letting different cultures mix around together (Brett 2003). Then in 1972 Australians elected their first Labour government since 1948. As Minister for Immigration, Al Grassby radically changed official policy. The quota system, based on country of origin and preservation of racial homogeneity, was replaced by structured selection. Migrants were chosen on the basis of skills and capital, rather than the country of origin, selecting those most likely to integrate easily  and become self sufficient. In 1973, the White Australian Policy was formally discarded and declared Australia as a multicultural society, Al Grassy announced that every relic of past ethnic or racial discrimination had been abolished (Lopez 2000, p. 131). Multiculturalism policy has been reoriented from a focus on settler groups to the broader constituency of all Australians with the mission of promoting harmonious community relations and building social cohesion in a way that inhibits and prevents racism (Probert 2001) In 1988 the Fitzgerald Inquiry led to further changes in migration with a move away from family reunion towards an emphasis on skilled and business categories. The assisted passage scheme had ended in 1981 and only refugees are given any level of support on their arrival in Australia. Tiananmen Square Massacre incident was occurred in 1989 and the Prime Minister Bob Hawke granted permanent residency to many Chinese students in Australia. After the Jakarta riots of May 1998 migrants from Jakarta trickled in to major cities in Australia (Hodge 2006, p. 91). Although the multiculturalism was adopted by the government and accepted by majority of the Australians still there were some conflicts regarding the multiculturalism during that period. Political harmony on multiculturalism was shattered when John Howard, leader of the opposition, took a different approach on multiculturalism. Howard was a staunch believer in traditional Australian values. In 1988 Howard pushed for a number of policy changes: one was for an adjustment of the mix of migrants; another was for a One-Australia post-arrival. Stating that he believed the rate of Asian immigration into Australia should be slowed down for the sake of social cohesion. He stated: I do believe that if it is in the eyes of some in the community that its too great, it would be in our immediate-term interest and supporting of social cohesion if it were slowed down a little, so the capacity of the community to absorb it was greater(Richards 2003). However the Hawke Labour Government of that time was in support of multiculturalism, they created the Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA) in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet whose objectives included raising awareness of cultural diversity and promoting social cohesion, understanding and tolerance. Even though Howard broke the harmony of the major parties over multiculturalism, Hawke Labour government remained committed to the policy and the Labour partys platform professed the goal of Working Together for a Multicultural Australian (Probert 2001). Howard Government was elected in 1996 As Prime Minister; John Howard pointedly avoided using the M word, multiculturalism. He insisted it not be used in the joint parliamentary resolution rejecting racism that was passed in 1996, and avoided it in speeches that nevertheless courted the ethnic constituency (Betts 2000) The Howard government effectively marginalised multiculturalism as an issue by keeping some of its paraphernalia while emphasising common political values and national unity. There was some scaling down of immigration, Australia accepted 87,000 immigrants in 1994-95 and planned immigrant intake was reduced to 68,000 in the begging of Howard Government (www.ads.gov.au). Howards distaste for multiculturalism was long-standing but motivated as much by political expediency as personal taste, but a decade later his strong commitment to traditional Australian values was condensed. Prime Minister Howard finally accepted Australian multiculturalism-with strong emphasis on Australian-at least sufficiently to launch the National Multiculturalism Advisory Councils report Australian multiculturalism for a new century: Towards inclusiveness in April 1999. That report, however, was a rather innocuous and somewhat garbled version of multiculturalism as Australian values and citizenship (Betts 2000). Australia has a pluralist democracy, the report affirmed, and Australian multiculturalism has been built on the evolving values of Australian democracy and citizenship. Diversity was recognised as a fact rather than as an end in itself, and valued as a great cultural, social and economic resource. The report claimed that Australian multiculturalism had at its core à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the same values that are embedded in the notion of citizenship, including tolerance and a commitment to freedom and equal opportunity. Even John Howards old favourites, mateship and a fair go, were incorporated in the revamped version (www.ads.gov.au). Multiculturalism is now used more by governments at the national and state levels as rhetoric of community relations that aims at social cohesion. The Council for Multicultural Australia, was established in July 2000, and charged with implementing A New Agenda for Multicultural Australia. Its purpose is to promote the benefits of diversity to business and to oversee the implementation of a charter of public service in a culturally diverse society (Probert 2001). In May 2003 the Howard government released its multicultural policy statement, Multicultural Australia: United in Diversity. It updated the 1999 new agenda, set strategic directions for 2003-06, and included a commitment to a Council for Multicultural Australia (Brett 2003). In 2004-05, Australia accepted 123,000 new settlers, a 40 per cent increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants (40,000 in 2004/05) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India. There was also significant growth in student numbers from Asia, and continued high numbers of tourists from Asia (www.Australiatodayhistoryofimmigration.htm). Planned immigrant intake in 2005/06 had more than doubled compared with the intake of 1996. As at 2007 immigration accounted just over half the overall growth in Australias population. In NSW and South Australia about three-quarters of the population growth could be attributed to immigration. The planned intake for 2007/08 was almost 153,000- plus 13,000 under the humanitarian program and in addition 24,000 New Zealanders were expected to migrate under specific trans-Tasman agreement. Under the Howard Government the quota for skilled migrants rose significantly compared with the quota for family reunions (Hodge 2006, p. 91). Australias last multicultural policy, the Howard Governments Multicultural Australia United in Diversity (2003-2006) expired in 2006. A new multicultural advisory body was established by the Rudd Government in late 2008. Some of the suggested main points of new Australian Multicultural policy introduced by the Rudd government can be identified as follows ( Hammer 2008) Recognition, acceptance and celebration of the cultural, linguistic and faith diversity based around the shared commitment to Australias democracy and laws. A focus on the importance of intercultural and interfaith as relating to the importance of mutual understanding and respect between people of different ethnic, cultural, linguistic and faith backgrounds. Recognition of productive diversity and the great economic, social and cultural benefits of cultural, linguistic and faith diversity for all Australians. Recognition of the fundamental human right of all Australians to practice, preserve, enhance, share and celebrate their cultural, linguistic or faith heritage if they so choose. Strong indicators, measures and policies for social inclusion and economic participation for Australians from culturally, linguistically and faith diverse backgrounds. Greater recognition and incorporation of issues around cultural, linguistic and faith diversity within the important social inclusion policy agenda. Stronger and more creative policies and measures that address racism, and racial and religious discrimination and vilification. Implementation of a Multicultural Act, along the lines of the Canadian or Victoria Multicultural Acts, recognising Australia as a multicultural nation committed to access and equity for all its citizens regardless of background. Renewed investment in population, immigration and cultural, linguistic and faith diversity research. Stronger English language training and employment participation programs for migrants and refugees. A properly funded and resourced SBS also focussed on its multicultural and multilingual charter objectives, as well as adequate funding mechanisms for community based ethnic broadcasters. (Hammer 2008) In 2008-09, more than 171  000 migrants were granted visas under the Skill and Family Streams of Australias Migration Program. In this same period nearly 670  000 people received temporary entry visas to Australia to undertake specific work or business, or to entertain, play sport, have a working holiday or study. In addition to this, 13  507 humanitarian entrants were granted visas to enable them to live in Australia to rebuild their lives, having fled persecution or suffering (Hammer 2008). In October 2007, the Australian government announced a ban on refugees from Africa, which would be reviewed in mid-2008. Immigration Minister Kevin Andrews stated that refugees from Sudan were having problems integrating and those refugees from Burma and Afghanistan should take priority. However, after the Rudd Labour government was elected on the 25th of November 2007, Australias stance on keeping refugees off shore changed and on the 8th of February 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced that all refugees kept on Nauru would be moved to Australia. This signalled the end of the Pacific solution (www.ads.gov.au). The reality is that multiculturalism is about and for all Australians. Multiculturalism is about mainstream Australia, because mainstream Australia is multicultural. The immigration has influenced the Australian society in numerous ways (Carter 2006, p. 341). Australia experiences a brain gain, in that it records substantial net migration gains in all high skill and high qualification occupational categories. In addition Australias growing population spends more and invests more   thus contributing to the expansion of the countrys economy.   Along with such essentials as food and housing, migrants set up new businesses and help business expansion through investment and their contributions to new technologies, which then produce extra goods and services in both the private and government sectors (Richards 2003). Exotic food and flavors from other countries is another advantage. Moreover Australia is not only considerably richer in experiences, but enjoys much closer economic and social links with other nations as a direct result of diverse multicultural population. Australian fashion, food and culture have all been affected by multiculturalism because it makes up what it means to be Australian. (Hodge 2006, p. 91). Australia is proud of its multicultural society and enjoys the diversity of cultures that ongoing migration from around the world provides. The cultural diversity touches all Australians, benefits all Australians; its success has been achieved by all Australians and it should be cherished and celebrated by all Australians (Horne 1980). As a conclusion we could say even though that Australian culture has adopted lot of cultural backgrounds and different values the Australian society appears to be both multicultural and integrated as well.

Influenza and its Effects :: Journalism Media Studies Health Influenza Essays

Influenza and its Effects The latest outbreak of "Spanish Influenza" continues to have a significant impact on life both in London and throughout Europe. The economic consequences are troubling as more and more workers from textile houses, mines and other areas where people are working in enclosed and confined spaces succumb suddenly to the disease. In some cases the onset can be as little as two hours. Industrial areas like London and the Midland areas of Nottingham, Leicester and Northampton have been especially hard pressed. While rarely fatal in the middle-aged, the symptoms of influenza are still dramatic and usually keep the patient out of work for a number of days. However after this period it disappears as swiftly as it came. Already burdened by the demands of wartime production industry has taken a heavy blow. Despite effective treatment with quinine Influenza is spreading faster than doctors can keep up, and indeed now there is scarcely an area of the country left unaffected by it. In some p laces the number of workers affected is as high as 70 percent. This would be far worse for the Allies were it not that the Germans were also severely affected by this outbreak, as reported by correspondents on the Western front. Berlin is said to have upwards of 160,000 cases of influenza, half of which are children. This coincides with another influenza outbreak in India, which is depleting their work force in a similar manner to that in England. The current climate is exceedingly dry and hot and it is felt that this may be contributing to the spread of the illness. Before May few if any cases of influenza were reported in or around London or elsewhere in Europe lending credence to this association. Other nations in Europe are also significantly impacted and it is believed that this current outbreak came to Europe from the south and worked its way northwards, hence its characterization as "Spanish Influenza". The fact that half of the cases in Berlin are children is similar to the situation in England. In Birmingham several schools recently had to be closed due to influenza outbreaks and in Egham, Surrey one school reported 50 to 60 cases and another over 130. Again this is thought due both to the climate and the fact that the students are together indoors for extended periods.

Manufactures car alarms Essay

Costs: Materials: direct, variable1,600 Labour: direct, variable960 Labour: indirect, fixed280 Other production overheads: variable400 Other production overheads: fixed640 Selling overheads: variable480 Selling overheads: fixed360 Distribution overheads: variable280 Distribution overheads: fixed120 Administration overheads: fixed600 (5,720) Net profit for the year1,480 Anhad is planning next year’s activity and its forecasts for the year ended 31 October 2014 are as follows: 1.A reduction in selling price per car alarm to RM8 per alarm is expected to increase sales volume by 50%. 2.Materials costs per unit will remain unchanged, but 5% quantity discount will be obtained. 3.Hourly direct wage rates will increase by 10%, but labour efficiency will be unchanged. 4.Variable selling overheads will increase in total in line with the increase in sales revenue. 5.Variable production and distribution overheads will increase in line with the 50% increase in sales volume. 6.All fixed costs will increase by 25%. You are required to do the following: a)Prepare a budgeted profit statement for the year to 31 October 2014 showing total sales and marginal costs for the year and also contribution and net profit per unit. b)Calculate the break-even point for the two years and explain why the  break-even point has changed. Comment on the margin of safety in both years. c)Calculate the sales volume required (using the new selling price) to achieve the same profit in 2014 and in 2013. d)A director comments that ‘with these figures, all we have to do to work out our budgeted profit is to multiply the net profit per unit by the units we want to sell†. Why is this statement incorrect? Satnam Berhad is considering diversifying their business activities and they are currently reviewing two proposals. Proposal A is to launch their own television station whilst Proposal B is a joint venture with Kaboor Limited to launch a satellite that would enable the African region to receive advertisements for both company’s products. The available data is follows: Proposal A – TV Station Initial set-up costs: RM250 million Annual running costs: RM100 million Estimated life of project: 5 years Value of assets released at the end of the project: RM40 million Increased sales as a result of advertising products: RM60 million in the first year, growing cumulatively by 50% each year for the following four years. Project B – Satellite Initial set-up costs: RM700 million Annual running costs: RM50 million Value of assets released at the end of the project: RM10 million (Note: all the above to be shared 50/50 with Kaboor Limited) Estimated life of the project is 6 years. Increased sales for Satnam Berhad as a result of advertising their products in the African continent: RM80 million in the first year, growing cumulatively by 20% each year for the following five years. Funding for both projects would be at a cost of capital of 6%. Relevant discount factors at 6% p.a. are: Year Cumulative 10.9430.943 20.8901.833 30.8402.673 40.7923.465 50.7474.212 60.7054.917 Required: a)Using the net present value method of investment appraisal, critically evaluate the two proposals and make your recommendation to Satnam Berhad. b)What other considerations should Satnam Berhad take into account in deciding which Project to pursue?

buy custom Robert E. Lee as a military commander essay

buy custom Robert E. Lee as a military commander essay Robert Edward Lee was born on the 19th day of January 1807 and lived up to the 12th day of October 1870. He went to school and graduated second in the West Point class of 1829. He was trained as a combat engineer and used to develop ports and harbors and performed extremely well in his initial assignments. Lee experienced his first combat during the outbreak of the war with Mexico and where he was able to differentiate himself under fire. Lee decided to resign from the U.S Army at the age of 54years (1861) and was appointed as the commander of the state of Virginias forces (Paterson, 1987). He is best known for commanding the Confederate which he renamed as the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. He displayed his extraordinary gifts be the ability to recognize his enemys weaknesses and intentions and prudent decisions in manipulation of his forces Lee marked his initial success by turning back George McClellan and his numerically Superior Union army when they threatened Richmond (Maslowski, 1987). He strongly believed that the confederacy could only maintain its autonomy by attacking and defeating the Union army directly. His skills in fortifications produced defensive success in 1863 at Fredericksburg and with his brilliant counterattack he was able to emerge the conqueror in a series of his battles. Lees success was marked by a series of events where he was employed as an engineer at Baltimore and Washington. He was later appointed superintendent of West Point during which period he carried out many important changes in the academy before his appointment as lieut in 1855. Lees success did not halt and continued to be promoted due to the positive results of his responsibilities and was later made colonel of the 1st U.SS Calvary. Lee was promoted up to the rank of brigadier-general (the highest rank) in the army. It can be said that Lee was successful to the extent of ensuring that slavery was abolished by engaging in wars for the interest of the South. From his achievements he deserves the accolades afforded to him by generations of historians and won a high place amongst the historians. Lee returned home in the fall of 1865 and assumed the presidency of Washington College (currently Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia. Unfortunately Lee met his death while in this University (October 12, 1870) following a real struggle with a heart disease. His professionalism, dignity and military skills earned him the title military hero in the U.S and left a legacy that makes him a symbol of Southern pride. In a nutshell Lee can be described as a charismatic, brilliant and a personable individual. Buy custom Robert E. Lee as a military commander essay

Free Essays on Angel Island

Angel Island Angel Island is little far from San Francisco ¡Ã‚ ¦s Fisherman ¡Ã‚ ¦s Wharf. It is a pretty small island in comparison with the mainland, but the history corresponds to this small place is not less then that corresponds to the large mainland in any sense. The view of San Francisco bay from Angel Island is so pleasing and so beautiful. Everyone could see San Francisco city ¡Ã‚ ¦s building and Bay Bridge. The peace of the Island makes people feel so relax and so good too. This feeling, however, must have not been come up immigrants during the time that Angel Island was used as a Gateway to the United States. Compared with the size of Angel Island, the immigration center is in a very small area. It is located along the coast. The number of buildings and the size of barrack are small beyond my expectation, even though not all buildings have remained. Fortunately, volunteers in the museum provided a history tour, which introduced visitors the history of this island in details. The conductor took and showed us several rooms. These rooms are pretty small and just like prison, where all immigrants had to wait for long time until they were allowed to enter the United States mainland. It must have been very uncomfortable for anyone to stay in such a small room for uncountable days and nights while he or she would only have a dream, but not a promising future. I was especially shocked after visiting those so-called  ¡Ã‚ §bathrooms ¡Ã‚ ¨. The bathrooms do not have doors and keeps no privacy at all. All immigrants ¡Ã‚ ¦ lives were observed, not even when they were in the bathroom. They were forced to stay in those rough barracks, and treated, as they were criminals. I could imagine there were so many of them, who have broken their heart in this small island, although they came to the United States with great dreams. They craved a lot of poems on the wall, displaying to every visitor how depressing, how frustrated, and how worrying they were a... Free Essays on Angel Island Free Essays on Angel Island Angel Island Angel Island is little far from San Francisco ¡Ã‚ ¦s Fisherman ¡Ã‚ ¦s Wharf. It is a pretty small island in comparison with the mainland, but the history corresponds to this small place is not less then that corresponds to the large mainland in any sense. The view of San Francisco bay from Angel Island is so pleasing and so beautiful. Everyone could see San Francisco city ¡Ã‚ ¦s building and Bay Bridge. The peace of the Island makes people feel so relax and so good too. This feeling, however, must have not been come up immigrants during the time that Angel Island was used as a Gateway to the United States. Compared with the size of Angel Island, the immigration center is in a very small area. It is located along the coast. The number of buildings and the size of barrack are small beyond my expectation, even though not all buildings have remained. Fortunately, volunteers in the museum provided a history tour, which introduced visitors the history of this island in details. The conductor took and showed us several rooms. These rooms are pretty small and just like prison, where all immigrants had to wait for long time until they were allowed to enter the United States mainland. It must have been very uncomfortable for anyone to stay in such a small room for uncountable days and nights while he or she would only have a dream, but not a promising future. I was especially shocked after visiting those so-called  ¡Ã‚ §bathrooms ¡Ã‚ ¨. The bathrooms do not have doors and keeps no privacy at all. All immigrants ¡Ã‚ ¦ lives were observed, not even when they were in the bathroom. They were forced to stay in those rough barracks, and treated, as they were criminals. I could imagine there were so many of them, who have broken their heart in this small island, although they came to the United States with great dreams. They craved a lot of poems on the wall, displaying to every visitor how depressing, how frustrated, and how worrying they were a...

The Rock and Roll Music Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Rock and Roll Music Era - Essay Example This "The Rock and Roll Music Era" essay outlines the origin of this genre and how it became popular. Early rock and roll was a fusion of three leading music genres of the time, and these are pop music, western-country music and Rn’Bs; rock and roll grew to phenomenal heights as songs by rock and roll artists such as Little Richard Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley became instant chart hits throughout the world (Welch, n.d). Socially, the rock and roll era was characterized by widespread racial segregation and high racial intolerance between the blacks and the whites in the American society; race mixing was a huge problem due to the racial hostilities that characterized the American society at the time. Economically, America was still recovering from the pangs of both the civil war and the world wars that had caused massive havoc to its economy; even though the situation was slowly getting better and trade was picking up, the American society was still wary over the potential of a n economic relapse. Politically, the rock and roll era was a period in the American history when there were high political anxieties and fears over the possibility and threat of foreign conspirators even though the world wars had just been concluded and calm had returned in the global society. Culturally, rock and roll was an era defined by a fusion of music cultures i.e. rock and roll is regarded as one of the most influential and phenomenal eras of music especially because it was a fusion of the three most popular forms of music. Rock and roll was also popular all over the world because it emerged along with the rise of television and the highly expressive popular youth culture. Until then, people had listened to music through the radio i.e. WLS 890, a radio station that played the most popular songs of the time, about young love and cars in particular; this station was common among the youth of the time. The youth of this era were very expressive and experimental and their teenage angst coupled with their free spiritedness lifestyle was a perennial source of worry to their parents who were wary of the potential ramifications of teenage rebellion in the hostile American society. These teenagers were fast at picking up the rock and roll mannerisms and influences especiall y fashion by watching TV and imitating the rock and roll superstars in their manner of dressing and their tastes in things

Public law questoion on the Human Rights Act 1998 Essay

Public law questoion on the Human Rights Act 1998 - Essay Example erning child safety to governmental laws on local health services and global warming by political parties as well as voluntary charity organizations alike have been rampant in the U.K. This form of voicing one’s opinion for opposing a certain law and demonstrating disagreements on the governmental decisions is increasing and rapidly gaining momentum. Although such protests might be perceived as an inevitable means of sustaining democratic governance of the country on the other hand laws prohibiting such public demonstrations as a form of protests such as Sections 11 to 14 of the Public Order Act, 1986 which deals with prohibiting public processions and imposing restrictions on public assemblies might hamper the very fabric of a liberal and efficient democratic system of the United Kingdom. It has been largely observed that public demonstrations for socio – political causes are increasingly being targeted with such legislations aimed at restricting such vivid expressions of public disapproval. The U.K law, through the Public Order Act has inadvertently laid prohibitions on the right to hold demonstrations in public which subsequently suggests that campaigning for causes that concerns the general public / citizens might lead to breach of law of the nation further leading to strict legal action. The blurring divide between freedom of expression and the legal consequences – civil as well as criminal, on account of voicing one’s opinions, under the legislation, is emerging as a highly inadequate means in sustaining civil society thus pressing for an urgent need to introspect the legal framework and advocate policies for much needed change. The strict laws that more or less, seeks to prohibit public assemblies campaigning against causes political or otherwise, and the rather strict repercussions which might lead to registration of criminal offenses against the campaigners prevents the lawful right of the campaigners – as well as members of the general public